Structural tensions limiting success of infrastructure upgrading: A multi-regime perspective

Unfettered growth of slums is a daunting transition challenge and many upgrading programs fail to sustainably improve the livelihoods slum residents. This paper elaborates transitions perspective on structural tensions that may lead success or failure programs. We conceptualize as urban subsystems, governed by sociotechnical (infrastructure) socioeconomic livelihood regimes (related production social reproduction). The framework permits examination due mis/alignments rules associated with newly introduced infrastructures, those regulate existing reproduction practices approach extends studies accounting for multi-system interactions between different infrastructure (e.g., transportation, sanitation) within local system. apply this an in-depth analysis project in Naivasha, Kenya, which was part national program covering total 80 slums.